Marcell Kupi – Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Kautz Gyula Faculty, Széchenyi István University, Egyetem tér 1., Győr, Hungary
Viktoria Kundi – Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Kautz Gyula Faculty, Széchenyi István University, Egyetem tér 1., Győr, Hungary
Tamás Szabó – Department of International and European Law, Deák Ferenc Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Széchenyi István University, Egyetem tér 1., Győr, Hungary
Abstract: The research delves into the nexus between cryptocurrencies and tourist activity, with a special focus on the facet of legal regulations. The study’s objective is to fathom how cryptocurrencies influence the tourism sector, and how legal standards bear on transactions involving cryptocurrencies within the tourism industry.
The principal aim is to unravel the interconnection between the employment of cryptocurrencies in tourist services and its concurrent legal governance in four handpicked countries: Spain, France, Croatia, and the Netherlands.
Clustering was achieved through SOM and PCA methodologies, which, in unison, proffer profound insights into the data’s architecture and interconnectedness. The data was collected through scraping with an API key. The research underscores that blockchain technologies, including but not limited to Ethereum’s advancements that extend beyond just Bitcoin, are steadily gaining a more influential role in tourism. Moreover, legal guidelines, especially within the EU, wield significant influence over transactions and operations associated with these digital assets.
7th International Scientific Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture – ITEMA 2023 – Selected Papers, Hybrid (Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varaždin, University of Zagreb, Croatia), October 26, 2023
ITEMA Selected Papers published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans – Belgrade, Serbia
ITEMA conference partners: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Maribor, Slovenia; Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Varaždin; Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Marketing, Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland; Faculty of Agriculture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ”King Michael I of Romania”, Romania
ITEMA Conference 2023 Selected Papers: ISBN 978-86-80194-76-9, ISSN 2683-5991, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/ITEMA.S.P.2023
Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission.
References
Balasubramanian, S., Sethi, J. S., Ajayan, S., & Paris, C. M. (2022). An enabling Framework for Blockchain in Tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 24(2), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-022-00229-6
BTCWires. (2019). The three generations of the blockchain technology. https://www.btcwires.com/block-o-pedia/the-three-generations-of-the-blockchain-technology/
Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2015). Smart Tourism Destinations Enhancing Tourism Experience Through Personalisation of Services. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015, 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_28
Court of Justice of the European Union. (2015). The exchange of traditional currencies for units of the ‘bitcoin’ virtual currency is exempt from VAT [Press Release No. 128/15]. https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-10/cp150128en.pdf
DNB. (n.d.). https://www.dnb.nl/en/about-us/
Dogru, T., Mody, M., & Leonardi, C. (2018). Blockchain technology and its implications for the hospitality industry. Boston Hospitality Review. https://www.bu.edu/bhr/files/2018/02/Blockchain-Technology-and-its-Implications-for-the-Hospitality-Industry.pdf
Erceg, A., Damoska Sekuloska, J., & Kelić, I. (2020). Blockchain in the Tourism Industry—A Review of the Situation in Croatia and Macedonia. Informatics, 7(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7010005
Erol, I., Neuhofer, I. O., Dogru (Dr. True), T., Oztel, A., Searcy, C., & Yorulmaz, A. C. (2022). Improving sustainability in the tourism industry through blockchain technology: Challenges and opportunities. Tourism Management, 93, 104628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104628
EUR-lex. (2011). Council Directive 95/57/2011. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A31995L0057
European Commission. (2021). European countries join Blockchain Partnership. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/european-countries-join-blockchain-partnership
European Commission. (2022). European Blockchain Services Infrastructure. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-blockchain-services-infrastructure
European Commission. (2023). Blockchain Strategy. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/blockchain-strategy
European Commission – EBSI. (2021). Early Adopters Programme. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/display/EBSI/Early+Adopters
Eurostat. (2022). Tourism statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_statistics
Eurostat. (2023). Tourism accommodation establishments. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TOUR_OCC_NINAT/default/table?lang=en
Koo, C., Oh, S., & Kim, E. (2019). Traveller, business, and organisational perspectives. Information Management, 11, 32-40
Kwok, A. O. J., & Koh, S. G. M. (2019). Is blockchain technology a watershed for tourism development? Current Issues in Tourism, 22(20), 2447-2452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1513460
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
Nam, K., Dutt, C. S., Chathoth, P., & Khan, M. S. (2021). Blockchain technology for smart city and smart tourism: latest trends and challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1585376
Official Journal of the European Union. (2011). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:192:0017:0032:EN:PDF
Önder, I., & Gunter, U. (2022). Blockchain: Is it the future for the tourism and hospitality industry? Tourism Economics, 28(2), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620961707
Önder, I., & Treiblmaier, H. (2018). Blockchain and tourism: Three research propositions. Annals of Tourism Research, 72(C), 180-182.
Önder, I., Wöber, K., & Zekan, B. (2017). Towards a sustainable urban tourism development in Europe: The role of benchmarking and tourism management information systems – A partial model of destination competitiveness. Tourism Economics, 23(2), 243-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616656247
Rátz, T. (2023). Felelősségteljes turizmus: Lehetőségek és kihívások a poszt-Covid korszakban. Kodolányi János Egyetem.
Rodrigues, V., Eusébio, C., & Breda, Z. (2023). Enhancing sustainable development through tourism digitalisation: a systematic literature review. Information Technology & Tourism, 25(1), 13-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-022-00241-w
Thees, H., Erschbamer, G., & Pechlaner, H. (2020). The application of blockchain in tourism: use cases in the tourism value system. European Journal of Tourism Research, 26, 2602-2602.
Tyan, I., Yagüe, M. I., & Guevara-Plaza, A. (2020). Blockchain Technology for Smart Tourism Destinations. Sustainability, 12(22), 9715. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229715
UNWTO. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/9789284408214
UNWTO. (2023a). Tourism data and matching priorities: The Netherlands. https://www.unwto.org/europe/netherlands
UNWTO. (2023b). Tourism data and matching priorities: Spain. https://www.unwto.org/europe/spain
UNWTO. (2023c). Tourism data and matching priorities: Croatia. https://www.unwto.org/europe/croatia
Valeri, M., & Baggio, R. (2021). A critical reflection on the adoption of blockchain in tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 23(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00183-1